Title: Basic Rectifier Circuits 1 Basic Rectifier Circuits 2 Overview. The purpose of the rectifier section is to convert the incoming ac from a transformer or other ac power source to some form of pulsating dc. That is, it takes current that flows alternately in both directions as shown in the figure to the right, and modifies it so that the output current flows only in one direction, as shown in the second and third figures below. The circuit required to do this may be nothing more than a single diode, or it may be considerably more complex.
3. However, all rectifier circuits may be classified into one of two categories, as follows. Half-Wave Rectifiers.
Series and Parallel AC Circuits. Complex number calculations. Impedances always add in series and diminish in parallel, at least from the perspective of. Bibliography (including some internet links) ends this presentation. The rectification ratio (η), also known as rectification efficiency, is expressed. As previously mentioned, from the particle physics point of view, the ideal. In order to obtain equal secondary voltages, the number of turns of the two secondary windings.
An easy way to convert ac to pulsating dc is to simply allow half of the ac cycle to pass, while blocking current to prevent it from flowing during the other half cycle. The figure to the right shows the resulting output. Such circuits are known as half-wave rectifiers because they only work on half of the incoming ac wave. 4. Full-Wave Rectifiers. The more common approach is to manipulate the incoming ac wave so that both halves are used to cause output current to flow in the same direction. The resulting waveform is shown to the right.
Because these circuits operate on the entire incoming ac wave, they are known as full-wave rectifiers. 5. The Half-Wave Rectifier. The simplest rectifier circuit is nothing more than a diode connected in series with the ac input, as shown to the right. Since a diode passes current in only one direction, only half of the incoming ac wave will reach the rectifier output. Thus, this is a basic half-wave rectifier. The orientation of the diode matters as shown, it passes only the positive half-cycle of the ac input, so the output voltage contains a positive dc component.
If the diode were to be reversed, the negative half-cycle would be passed instead, and the dc component of the output would have a negative polarity. In either case, the DC component of the output waveform is vp/ 0.3183vp, where vp is the peak voltage output from the transformer secondary winding. 6. It is also quite possible to use two half-wave rectifiers together, as shown in the figure to the right. This arrangement provides both positive and negative output voltages, with each output utilizing half of the incoming ac cycle. Note that in all cases, the lower transformer connection also serves as the common reference point for the output.
It is typically connected to the common ground of the overall circuit. This can be very important in some applications. The transformer windings are of course electrically insulated from the iron core, and that core is normally grounded by the fact that it is bolted physically to the metal chassis (box) that supports the entire circuit. By also grounding one end of the secondary winding, we help ensure that this winding will never experience even momentary voltages that might overload the insulation and damage the transformer. 7. The Full-Wave Rectifier. While the half-wave rectifier is very simple and does work, it isn't very efficient.
It only uses half of the incoming ac cycle, and wastes all of the energy available in the other half. For greater efficiency, we would like to be able to utilize both halves of the incoming ac. One way to accomplish this is to double the size of the secondary winding and provide a connection to its center. Then we can use two separate half-wave rectifiers on alternate half-cycles, to provide full-wave rectification.
The circuit is shown to the right. 8. Because both half-cycles are being used, the DC component of the output waveform is now 2vp/ 0.6366vp, where vp is the peak voltage output from half the transformer secondary winding, because only half is being used at a time. This rectifier configuration, like the half-wave rectifier, calls for one of the transformer's secondary leads to be grounded. In this case, however, it is the center connection, generally known as the center tap on the secondary winding. 9. The full-wave rectifier can still be configured for a negative output voltage, rather than positive.
In addition, as shown to the right, it is quite possible to use two full-wave rectifiers to get outputs of both polarities at the same time. The full-wave rectifier passes both halves of the ac cycle to either a positive or negative output. This makes more energy available to the output, without large intervals when no energy is provided at all. Therefore, the full-wave rectifier is more efficient than the half-wave rectifier. At the same time, however, a full-wave rectifier providing only a single output polarity does require a secondary winding that is twice as big as the half-wave rectifier's secondary, because only half of the secondary winding is providing power on any one half-cycle of the incoming ac.
10. The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier. The four-diode rectifier circuit shown to the right serves very nicely to provide full-wave rectification of the ac output of a single transformer winding. The diamond configuration of the four diodes is the same as the resistor configuration in a Wheatstone Bridge. In fact, any set of components in this configuration is identified as some sort of bridge, and this rectifier circuit is similarly known as a bridge rectifier. If you compare this circuit with the dual-polarity full-wave rectifier above, you'll find that the connections to the diodes are the same.
The only change is that we have removed the center tap on the secondary winding, and used the negative output as our ground reference instead. This means that the transformer secondary is never directly grounded, but one end or the other will always be close to ground, through a forward-biased diode. This is not usually a problem in modern circuits. 11.
To understand how the bridge rectifier can pass current to a load in only one direction, consider the figure to the right. Here we have placed a simple resistor as the load, and we have numbered the four diodes so we can identify them individually.
During the positive half-cycle, shown in red, the top end of the transformer winding is positive with respect to the bottom half. Therefore, the transformer pushes electrons from its bottom end, through D3 which is forward biased, and through the load resistor in the direction shown by the red arrows. Electrons then continue through the forward-biased D2, and from there to the top of the transformer winding.
This forms a complete circuit, so current can indeed flow. At the same time, D1 and D4 are reverse biased, so they do not conduct any current. 12. During the negative half-cycle, the top end of the transformer winding is negative. Now, D1 and D4 are forward biased, and D2 and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore, electrons move through D1, the resistor, and D4 in the direction shown by the blue arrows. As with the positive half-cycle, electrons move through the resistor from left to right.
In this manner, the diodes keep switching the transformer connections to the resistor so that current always flows in only one direction through the resistor. We can replace the resistor with any other circuit, including more power supply circuitry (such as the filter), and still see the same behavior from the bridge rectifier. 13 Introduction to simple filters 14 Overview. As we have already seen, the rectifier circuitry takes the initial ac sine wave from the transformer or other source and converts it to pulsating dc. A full-wave rectifier will produce the waveform shown to the right, while a half-wave rectifier will pass only every other half-cycle to its output. This may be good enough for a basic battery charger, although some types of rechargeable batteries still won't like it. In any case, it is nowhere near good enough for most electronic circuitry.
We need a way to smooth out the pulsations and provide a much 'cleaner' dc power source for the load circuit. 15. To accomplish this, we need to use a circuit called a filter.
In general terms, a filter is any circuit that will remove some parts of a signal or power source, while allowing other parts to continue on without significant hinderance. In a power supply, the filter must remove or drastically reduce the ac variations while still making the desired dc available to the load circuitry. Filter circuits aren't generally very complex, but there are several variations. Any given filter may involve capacitors, inductors, and/or resistors in some combination. Each such combination has both advantages and disadvantages, and its own range of practical application. We will examine a number of common filter circuits on the next slides. 16.
A Single Capacitor. If we place a capacitor at the output of the full-wave rectifier as shown to the left, the capacitor will charge to the peak voltage each half-cycle, and then will discharge more slowly through the load while the rectified voltage drops back to zero before beginning the next half-cycle.
Thus, the capacitor helps to fill in the gaps between the peaks, as shown in red in the first figure to the right. 17. Although we have used straight lines for simplicity, the decay is actually the normal exponential decay of any capacitor discharging through a load resistor. The extent to which the capacitor voltage drops depends on the capacitance of the capacitor and the amount of current drawn by the load these two factors effectively form the RC time constant for voltage decay. As a result, the actual voltage output from this combination never drops to zero, but rather takes the shape shown in the figure to the right. The blue portion of the waveform corresponds to the portion of the input cycle where the rectifier provides current to the load, while the red portion shows when the capacitor provides current to the load.
As you can see, the output voltage, while not pure dc, has much less variation (or ripple, as it is called) than the unfiltered output of the rectifier. 18. A half-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter will only recharge the capacitor on every other peak shown here, so the capacitor will discharge considerably more between input pulses. Nevertheless, if the output voltage from the filter can be kept high enough at all times, the capacitor filter is sufficient for many kinds of loads, when followed by a suitable regulator circuit.
19. RC Filters.
In order to reduce the ripple still more without losing too much of the dc output, we need to extend the filter circuit a bit. The circuit to the right shows one way to do this.
This circuit does cause some dc loss in the resistor, but if the required load current is low, this is an acceptable loss. To see how this circuit reduces ripple voltage more than it reduces the dc output voltage, consider a load circuit that draws 10 mA at 20 volts dc.
We'll use 100 µf capacitors and a 100 resistor in the filter. 20. For dc, the capacitors are effectively open circuits. Therefore any dc losses will be in that 100 resistor.
For a load current of 10 mA (0.01 A), the resistor will drop 100 0.01 1 volt. Therefore, the dc output from the rectifier must be 21 volts, and the dc loss in the filter resistor amounts to 1/21, or about 4.76 of the rectifier output. This is generally quite acceptable. On the other hand, the ripple voltage (in the USA) exists mostly at a frequency of 120 Hz (there are higher-frequency components, but they will be attenuated even more than the 120 Hz component).
At this frequency, each capacitor has a reactance of about 13.26. Thus R and C2 form a voltage divider that reduces the ripple to about 13 of what came from the rectifier. Therefore, for a dc loss of less than 5, we have attenuated the ripple by almost 87. This is a substantial amount of ripple reduction, although it doesn't remove the ripple entirely. If the amount of ripple is still too much for the particular load circuit, additional filtering or a regulator circuit will be required. 21. LC Filters.
While the RC filter shown above helps to reduce the ripple voltage, it introduces excessive resistive losses when the load current is significant. To reduce the ripple even more without a lot of dc resistance, we can replace the resistor with an inductor as shown in the circuit diagram to the right. In this circuit, the two capacitors store energy as before, and attempt to maintain a constant output voltage between input peaks from the rectifier. At the same time, the inductor stores energy in its magnetic field, and releases energy as needed in its attempt to maintain a constant current through itself. This provides yet another factor that attempts to smooth out the ripple voltage. 22. In some cases, C1 is omitted from this filter circuit.
The result is a lower dc output voltage, but improved ripple removal. The choice is a trade-off, and must be made according to the specific requirements in each individual case. For dc, the inductance has only the resistance of the wire that comprises the coil, which amounts to a few ohms.
Meanwhile, the capacitors still operate as open circuits at dc, so they do not reduce the dc output voltage. 23. However, at the basic ripple frequency of 120 Hz, a 10 Henry inductance has a reactance of. XL 2pfL 7540? And for 100 Hz is 6280?. At the same time, a 100 µf capacitor at the same ripple frequency has a reactance of.
XC 1/2pfC 13.26? And for 100 Hz is 15.92?. Thus, L and C2 form a voltage divider that drastically reduces the ripple component (to less than 0.2) while leaving the desired dc output nearly alone. This configuration may provide sufficiently pure dc for some applications, without the need for any following regulator at all. The drawback of this approach is that a 10 Henry inductor is as large as some power transformers, with a heavy iron core. It takes up a lot of space and is relatively expensive.
This is why the RC filter circuit may be preferred to the LC filter, provided the ripple reduction is sufficient and the power loss in the resistor is not excessive. PowerShow.com is a leading presentation/slideshow sharing website. Whether your application is business, how-to, education, medicine, school, church, sales, marketing, online training or just for fun, PowerShow.com is a great resource. And, best of all, most of its cool features are free and easy to use. You can use PowerShow.com to find and download example online PowerPoint ppt presentations on just about any topic you can imagine so you can learn how to improve your own slides and presentations for free. Or use it to find and download high-quality how-to PowerPoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world.
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Title: Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface 1 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface 2 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Introduction. The project has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce power theft and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
This is a multipurpose project that integrates all the functions including a prepaid billing arrangement and automatic message sending system to the utility company. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 3 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Block Diagram http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 4 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Hardware Requirements. Microcontroller (AT89C52/S52). Max232. GSM module.
LCD(16x2). LED. Crystal Oscillator.
Resistors. Capacitors.
Diodes http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 5 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Hardware Requirements. Transformer. Regulator. Opto Isolator.
Energy Meter. Lamp. push buttons.
Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 6 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Software Requirements. Keil compiler. Languages Embedded C or Assembly http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 7 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Power Supply. A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. 5v Regulator Bridge rectifier 230 V AC 50 Hz 5V DC Filter(470µf) 12V step down transformer http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 8 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Power Supply. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 9 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Power Supply.
A DC Power Supply Unit (commonly called a PSU) deriving power from the AC mains (line) supply performs a number of tasks. It changes (in most cases reduces) the level of supply to a value suitable for driving the load circuit. It produces a DC supply from the mains (or line) supply AC sine wave. It prevents any AC from appearing at the supply output. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 10 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Parts of a Power Supply. The output voltage is kept at a constant level, independent of changes in.
The AC supply voltage at the supply input. The Load current drawn from the supply output. Temperature. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 11 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Energy Meter. An energy or electric meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical. Energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically-powered device. Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour.
Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles. and energy used during a cycle. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 12 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface MICROCONTROLLER. It is a smaller computer. Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 13 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Internal Structure af A Micro Controller http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 14 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Energy Meter. An energy or electric meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical.
Energy consumed by a residence, business, or an electrically-powered device. Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour. Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles. and energy used during a cycle. Http//www.edgefxkits.com/ 15 Prepaid Energy Meter with GSM Interface Microcontroller AT89S51/52. Microcontroller AT 89S51 IC has several benefits and advantages, including high-level constraints, external components hardware less, ease of programming. And cost-efficient.
AT 89S51 IC has an internal program that is easy to remove and re-programmed over and over - again. In this plane AT 89S51 IC serves as the central control of all aircraft activity. Starting from the timer to control the length of the electrode work. In this plane AT 89S51 IC is also used as modifiers for the thermal sensor temperature is converted in units of mineral content that is displayed in the form of seven segment displays.
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That's all free as well! For a small fee you can get the industry's best online privacy or publicly promote your presentations and slide shows with top rankings.
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Or use it to find and download high-quality how-to PowerPoint ppt presentations with illustrated or animated slides that will teach you how to do something new, also for free. Or use it to upload your own PowerPoint slides so you can share them with your teachers, class, students, bosses, employees, customers, potential investors or the world.
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